* [Using Pyenv without shims](#using-pyenv-without-shims)
* [Environment variables](#environment-variables)
* **[Development](#development)**
* [Version History](#version-history)
* [License](#license)
@ -69,6 +76,7 @@ executables injected into your `PATH`, determines which Python version
has been specified by your application, and passes your commands along
to the correct Python installation.
### Understanding PATH
When you run a command like `python` or `pip`, your operating system
@ -84,6 +92,7 @@ precedence over another one at the end. In this example, the
`/usr/local/bin` directory will be searched first, then `/usr/bin`,
then `/bin`.
### Understanding Shims
pyenv works by inserting a directory of _shims_ at the front of your
@ -104,7 +113,8 @@ operating system will do the following:
* Run the shim named `pip`, which in turn passes the command along to
pyenv
### Choosing the Python Version
### Understanding Python version selection
When you execute a shim, pyenv determines which Python version to use by
reading it from the following sources, in this order:
@ -122,25 +132,45 @@ reading it from the following sources, in this order:
directory, until reaching the root of your filesystem.
4. The global `$(pyenv root)/version` file. You can modify this file using
the [`pyenv global`](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/blob/master/COMMANDS.md#pyenv-global) command. If the global version
file is not present, pyenv assumes you want to use the "system"
Python. (In other words, whatever version would run if pyenv weren't in your
`PATH`.)
the [`pyenv global`](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/blob/master/COMMANDS.md#pyenv-global) command.
If the global version file is not present, pyenv assumes you want to use the "system"
Python (see below).
A special version name "`system`" means to use whatever Python is found on `PATH`
after the shims `PATH` entry (in other words, whatever would be run if Pyenv
shims weren't on `PATH`). Note that Pyenv considers those installations outside
its control and does not attempt to inspect or distinguish them in any way.
So e.g. if you are on MacOS and have OS-bundled Python 3.8.9 and Homebrew-installed
Python 3.9.12 and 3.10.2 -- for Pyenv, this is still a single "`system`" version,
and whichever of those is first on `PATH` under the executable name you
specified will be run.
**NOTE:** You can activate multiple versions at the same time, including multiple
versions of Python2 or Python3 simultaneously. This allows for parallel usage of
Python2 and Python3, and is required with tools like `tox`. For example, to set
your path to first use your `system` Python and Python3 (set to 2.7.9 and 3.4.2
in this example), but also have Python 3.3.6, 3.2, and 2.5 available on your
`PATH`, one would first `pyenv install` the missing versions, then set `pyenv
global system 3.3.6 3.2 2.5`. At this point, one should be able to find the full
executable path to each of these using `pyenv which`, e.g. `pyenv which python2.5`
(should display `$(pyenv root)/versions/2.5/bin/python2.5`), or `pyenv which
python3.4` (should display path to system Python3). You can also specify multiple
versions in a `.python-version` file, separated by newlines.
Lines starting with a `#` are ignored.
### Locating the Python Installation
Python2 and Python3, and is required with tools like `tox`. For example, to instruct
Pyenv to first use your system Python and Python3 (which are e.g. 2.7.9 and 3.4.2)
but also have Python 3.3.6, 3.2.1, and 2.5.2 available, you first `pyenv install`
the missing versions, then set `pyenv global system 3.3.6 3.2.1 2.5.2`.
Then you'll be able to invoke any of those versions with an appropriate `pythonX` or
`pythonX.Y` name.
You can also specify multiple versions in a `.python-version` file by hand,
separated by newlines. Lines starting with a `#` are ignored.
[`pyenv which <command>`](COMMANDS.md#pyenv-which) displays which real executable would be
run when you invoke `<command>` via a shim.
E.g. if you have 3.3.6, 3.2.1 and 2.5.2 installed of which 3.3.6 and 2.5.2 are selected
and your system Python is 3.2.5,
`pyenv which python2.5` should display `$(pyenv root)/versions/2.5.2/bin/python2.5`,
`pyenv which python3` -- `$(pyenv root)/versions/3.3.6/bin/python3` and
`pyenv which python3.2` -- path to your system Python due to the fall-through (see below).
Shims also fall through to anything further on `PATH` if the corresponding executable is
not present in any of the selected Python installations.
This allows you to use any programs installed elsewhere on the system as long as
they are not shadowed by a selected Python installation.
### Locating Pyenv-provided Python installations
Once pyenv has determined which version of Python your application has
specified, it passes the command along to the corresponding Python
@ -158,282 +188,262 @@ For example, you might have these versions installed:
As far as Pyenv is concerned, version names are simply directories under
`$(pyenv root)/versions`.
### Managing Virtual Environments
There is a pyenv plugin named [pyenv-virtualenv](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv-virtualenv) which comes with various features to help pyenv users to manage virtual environments created by virtualenv or Anaconda.
Because the `activate` script of those virtual environments are relying on mutating `$PATH` variable of user's interactive shell, it will intercept pyenv's shim style command execution hooks.
We'd recommend to install pyenv-virtualenv as well if you have some plan to play with those virtual environments.
----
## Installation
### Prerequisites
For pyenv to install python correctly you should [**install the Python build dependencies**](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/wiki#suggested-build-environment).
### Homebrew in macOS
### Getting Pyenv
#### Homebrew in macOS
1. Consider installing with [Homebrew](https://brew.sh):
```sh
brew update
brew install pyenv
```
2. Then follow the rest of the post-installation steps under [Basic GitHub Checkout](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv#basic-github-checkout), starting with #​2 ("Configure your shell's environment for Pyenv").
2. Then follow the rest of the post-installation steps, starting with
[Set up your shell environment for Pyenv](#set-up-your-shell-environment-for-pyenv).
3. OPTIONAL. To fix `brew doctor`'s warning _""config" scripts exist outside your system or Homebrew directories"_
If you're going to build Homebrew formulae from source that link against `libpython`
If you're going to build Homebrew formulae from source that link against Python
like Tkinter or NumPy
_(This is only generally the case if you are a developer of such a formula,
or if you have an EOL version of MacOS for which prebuilt bottles are no longer available
and are using such a formula)._
or if you have an EOL version of MacOS for which prebuilt bottles are no longer provided
and you are using such a formula)._
To avoid them accidentally linking against a Pyenv-provided Python,
add the following line into your interactive shell's configuration:
* Bash/Zsh:
~~~bash
alias brew='env PATH="${PATH//$(pyenv root)\/shims:/}" brew'
~~~
* Fish:
~~~fish
alias brew="env PATH=(string replace (pyenv root)/shims '' \"\$PATH\") brew"
~~~
### Windows
#### Windows
Pyenv does not officially support Windows and does not work in Windows outside
the Windows Subsystem for Linux.
Moreover, even there, the Pythons it installs are not native Windows versions
but rather Linux versions run through a compatibility layer --
but rather Linux versions running in a virtual machine --
so you won't get Windows-specific functionality.
If you're in Windows, we recommend using @kirankotari's [`pyenv-win`](https://github.com/pyenv-win/pyenv-win) fork --
which does install native Windows Python versions.
### Automatic installer
#### Automatic installer
Visit our other project:
https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv-installer
### Basic GitHub Checkout
#### Basic GitHub Checkout
This will get you going with the latest version of Pyenv and make it
easy to fork and contribute any changes back upstream.
1. **Check out Pyenv where you want it installed.**
* **Check out Pyenv where you want it installed.**
A good place to choose is `$HOME/.pyenv` (but you can install it somewhere else):
set -U fish_user_paths $PYENV_ROOT/bin $fish_user_paths
~~~
cd ~/.pyenv && src/configure && make -C src
And add this to `~/.config/fish/config.fish`:
~~~ fish
status is-login; and pyenv init --path | source
status is-interactive; and pyenv init - | source
~~~
If Fish is not your login shell, also follow the Bash/Zsh instructions to add to `~/.profile`.
### Set up your shell environment for Pyenv
**Proxy note**: If you use a proxy, export `http_proxy` and `https_proxy`, too.
**Upgrade note:** The startup logic and instructions have been updated for simplicity in 2.3.0.
The previous, more complicated configuration scheme for 2.0.0-2.2.5 still works.
* Define environment variable `PYENV_ROOT` to point to the path where
Pyenv will store its data. `$HOME/.pyenv` is the default.
If you installed Pyenv via Git checkout, we recommend
to set it to the same location as where you cloned it.
* Add the `pyenv` executable to your `PATH` if it's not already there
* run `eval "$(pyenv init -)"` to install `pyenv` into your shell as a shell function, enable shims and autocompletion
* You may run `eval "$(pyenv init --path)"` instead to just enable shims, without shell integration
4. **Restart your login session for the changes to profile files to take effect.**
E.g. if you're in a GUI session, you need to fully log out and log back in.
In MacOS, restarting terminal windows is enough (because MacOS runs shells
in them as login shells by default).
The below setup should work for the vast majority of users for commmon use cases.
See [Advanvced configuration](#advanced-configuration) for details and more configuration options.
5. [**Install Python build dependencies**](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/wiki#suggested-build-environment) before attempting to install a new Python version.
- For **bash**:
6. **Install Python versions into `$(pyenv root)/versions`.**
For example, to download and install Python 2.7.8, run:
```sh
pyenv install 2.7.8
```
**NOTE:** If you need to pass a `configure` option to a build, please use the
```CONFIGURE_OPTS``` environment variable.
Stock Bash startup files vary widely between distibutions in which of them source
which, under what circumstances, in what order and what additional configuration they perform.
As such, the most reliable way to get Pyenv in all environments is to append Pyenv
configuration commands to both `.bashrc` (for interactive shells)
and the profile file that Bash would use (for login shells).
To select a Pyenv-installed Python as the version to use, run one
of the following commands:
* [`pyenv shell <version>`](COMMANDS.md#pyenv-shell) -- select just for current shell session
* [`pyenv local <version>`](COMMANDS.md#pyenv-local) -- automatically select whenever you are in the current directory (or its subdirectories)
* [`pyenv global <version>`](COMMANDS.md#pyenv-shell) -- select globally for your user account
E.g. to select the above-mentioned newly-installed Python 3.10.4 as your preferred version to use:
~~~bash
pyenv global 3.10.4
~~~
Now whenever you invoke `python`, `pip` etc., an executable from the Pyenv-provided
3.10.4 installation will be run instead of the system Python.
Using "`system`" as a version name would reset the selection to your system-provided Python.
See [Understanding shims](#understanding-shims) and
[Understanding Python version selection](#understanding-python-version-selection)
for more details on how the selection works and more information on its usage.
### Uninstall Python versions
As time goes on, you will accumulate Python versions in your
`$(pyenv root)/versions` directory.
To remove old Python versions, use [`pyenv uninstall <version>`](COMMANDS.md#pyenv-uninstall).
Alternatively, you can simply `rm -rf` the directory of the version you want
to remove. You can find the directory of a particular Python version
with the `pyenv prefix` command, e.g. `pyenv prefix 2.6.8`.
Note however that plugins may run additional operations on uninstall
which you would need to do by hand as well. E.g. Pyenv-Virtualenv also
removes any virtual environments linked to the version being uninstalled.
### Other operations
Run `pyenv commands` to get a list of all available subcommands.
Run a subcommand with `--help` to get help on it, or see the [Commands Reference](COMMANDS.md).
Note that Pyenv plugins that you install may add their own subcommands.
## Upgrading
If you've installed Pyenv using Homebrew, upgrade using:
```sh
brew upgrade pyenv
```
If you've installed Pyenv using the instructions above, you can
If you've installed Pyenv using Pyenv-installer or Git checkout, you can
upgrade your installation at any time using Git.
To upgrade to the latest development version of pyenv, use `git pull`:
@ -452,7 +462,7 @@ git tag
git checkout v0.1.0
```
### Uninstalling pyenv
## Uninstalling pyenv
The simplicity of pyenv makes it easy to temporarily disable it, or
uninstall from the system.
@ -462,124 +472,113 @@ uninstall from the system.
remove Pyenv shims directory from `PATH`, and future invocations like
`python` will execute the system Python version, as it was before Pyenv.
`pyenv` will still be accessible on the command line, but your Python
apps won't be affected by version switching.
`pyenv` will still be accessible on the command line, but your Python
apps won't be affected by version switching.
2. To completely **uninstall** Pyenv, remove _all_ Pyenv configuration lines
from your shell startup configuration, and then remove
its root directory. This will **delete all Python versions** that were
installed under the `` $(pyenv root)/versions/ `` directory:
2. To completely **uninstall** Pyenv, remove _all_ configuration lines for it
from your shell startup configuration, and then remove
its root directory. This will **delete all Python versions** that were
installed under `` $(pyenv root)/versions/ `` directory:
```sh
rm -rf $(pyenv root)
```
```sh
rm -rf $(pyenv root)
```
If you've installed Pyenv using a package manager, as a final step,
perform the Pyenv package removal. For instance, for Homebrew:
If you've installed Pyenv using a package manager, as a final step,
perform the Pyenv package removal. For instance, for Homebrew:
```
brew uninstall pyenv
```
```
brew uninstall pyenv
```
### Advanced Configuration
## Advanced Configuration
Skip this section unless you must know what every line in your shell
profile is doing.
Also see the [Environment variables](#environment-variables) section
for the environment variables that control Pyenv's behavior.
`pyenv init` is the only command that crosses the line of loading
extra commands into your shell. Coming from RVM, some of you might be
opposed to this idea.
opposed to this idea. Here's what `eval "$(pyenv init -)"` actually does:
Also see the [Environment variables](#environment-variables) section
for the environment variables that control Pyenv's behavior.
1. **Sets up the shims path.** This is what allows Pyenv to intercept
and redirect invocations of `python`, `pip` etc. transparently.
It prepends `$(pyenv root)/shims` to your `$PATH`.
It also deletes any other instances of `$(pyenv root)/shims` on `PATH`
which allows to invoke `eval "$(pyenv init -)"` multiple times without
getting duplicate `PATH` entries.
* `eval "$(pyenv init --path)"`:
1. **Sets up your shims path.** This is the only requirement for pyenv to
function properly. You can do this by hand by prepending
`$(pyenv root)/shims` to your `$PATH`.
`eval "$(pyenv init --path)"` is supposed to be run in your session's login
shell startup script -- so that all processes in the session get access to
Pyenv's functionality and it only runs once,
avoiding breaking `PATH` in nested shells
(e.g. shells started from editors/IDEs).
In Linux, GUI managers typically act as a `sh` login shell, running
`/etc/profile` and `~/.profile` at their startup. MacOS' GUI doesn't do that,
so its terminal emulator apps run their shells as login shells by default
to compensate.
* `eval "$(pyenv init -)"`:
1. **Installs autocompletion.** This is entirely optional but pretty
useful. Sourcing `$(pyenv root)/completions/pyenv.bash` will set that
up. There is also a `$(pyenv root)/completions/pyenv.zsh` for Zsh
users.
2. **Rehashes shims.** From time to time you'll need to rebuild your
shim files. Doing this on init makes sure everything is up to
date. You can always run `pyenv rehash` manually.
3. **Installs `pyenv` into the current shell as a shell function.**
This bit is also optional, but allows
pyenv and plugins to change variables in your current shell, making
commands like `pyenv shell` possible. The sh dispatcher doesn't do
anything crazy like override `cd` or hack your shell prompt, but if
for some reason you need `pyenv` to be a real script rather than a
shell function, you can safely skip it.
`eval "$(pyenv init -)"` is supposed to run at any interactive shell's
startup (including nested shells) so that you get completion and
convenience shell functions.
2. **Installs autocompletion.** This is entirely optional but pretty
useful. Sourcing `$(pyenv root)/completions/pyenv.bash` will set that
up. There are also completions for Zsh and Fish.
To see exactly what happens under the hood for yourself, run `pyenv init -`
or `pyenv init --path`.
3. **Rehashes shims.** From time to time you'll need to rebuild your
shim files. Doing this on init makes sure everything is up to
date. You can always run `pyenv rehash` manually.
If you don't want to use `pyenv init` and shims, you can still benefit
from pyenv's ability to install Python versions for you. Just run
`pyenv install` and you will find versions installed in
`$(pyenv root)/versions`, which you can manually execute or symlink
as required.
4. **Installs `pyenv` into the current shell as a shell function.**
This bit is also optional, but allows
pyenv and plugins to change variables in your current shell.
This is required for some commands like `pyenv shell` to work.
The sh dispatcher doesn't do
anything crazy like override `cd` or hack your shell prompt, but if
for some reason you need `pyenv` to be a real script rather than a
shell function, you can safely skip it.
### Uninstalling Python Versions
`eval "$(pyenv init --path)"` only does items 1 and 3.
As time goes on, you will accumulate Python versions in your
`$(pyenv root)/versions` directory.
To see exactly what happens under the hood for yourself, run `pyenv init -`
or `pyenv init --path`.
To remove old Python versions, `pyenv uninstall` command to automate
the removal process.
`eval "$(pyenv init -)"` is supposed to run at any interactive shell's
startup (including nested shells -- e.g. those invoked from editors)
so that you get completion and convenience shell functions.
Alternatively, simply `rm -rf` the directory of the version you want
to remove. You can find the directory of a particular Python version
with the `pyenv prefix` command, e.g. `pyenv prefix 2.6.8`.
`eval "$(pyenv init --path)"` can be used instead of `eval "$(pyenv init -)"`
to just enable shims, without shell integration. It can also be used to bump shims
to the front of `PATH` after some other logic has prepended stuff to `PATH`
that may shadow Pyenv's shims.
* In particular, in Debian-based distributions, the stock `~/.profile`
prepends per-user `bin` directories to `PATH` after having sourced `~/.bashrc`.
This necessitates appending a `pyenv init` call to `~/.profile` as well as `~/.bashrc`
in these distributions because the system's Pip places executables for
modules installed by a non-root user into those per-user `bin` directories.
----
### Using Pyenv without shims
## Command Reference
If you don't want to use `pyenv init` and shims, you can still benefit
from pyenv's ability to install Python versions for you. Just run
`pyenv install` and you will find versions installed in
`$(pyenv root)/versions`.
See [COMMANDS.md](COMMANDS.md).
You can manually execute or symlink them as required,
or you can use [`pyenv exec <command>`](COMMANDS.md#pyenv-exec)
whenever you want `<command>` to be affected by Pyenv's version selection
as currently configured.
`pyenv exec` works by prepending `$(pyenv root)/versions/<selected version>/bin`
to `PATH` in the `<command>`'s environment, the same as what e.g. RVM does.
----
## Environment variables
### Environment variables
You can affect how pyenv operates with the following settings:
You can affect how Pyenv operates with the following settings:
name | default | description
-----|---------|------------
`PYENV_VERSION` | | Specifies the Python version to be used.<br>Also see [`pyenv shell`](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/blob/master/COMMANDS.md#pyenv-shell)
`PYENV_ROOT` | `~/.pyenv` | Defines the directory under which Python versions and shims reside.<br>Also see `pyenv root`
`PYENV_VERSION` | | Specifies the Python version to be used.<br>Also see [`pyenv shell`]COMMANDS.md#pyenv-shell)
`PYENV_ROOT` | `~/.pyenv` | Defines the directory under which Python versions and shims reside.<br>Also see [`pyenv root`](COMMANDS.md#pyenv-root)
`PYENV_HOOK_PATH` | [_see wiki_][hooks] | Colon-separated list of paths searched for pyenv hooks.
`PYENV_DIR` | `$PWD` | Directory to start searching for `.python-version` files.
`PYTHON_BUILD_ARIA2_OPTS` | | Used to pass additional parameters to [`aria2`](https://aria2.github.io/).<br>If the `aria2c` binary is available on PATH, pyenv uses `aria2c` instead of `curl` or `wget` to download the Python Source code. If you have an unstable internet connection, you can use this variable to instruct `aria2` to accelerate the download.<br>In most cases, you will only need to use `-x 10 -k 1M` as value to `PYTHON_BUILD_ARIA2_OPTS` environment variable
`PYTHON_BUILD_ARIA2_OPTS` | | Used to pass additional parameters to [`aria2`](https://aria2.github.io/).<br>If the `aria2c` binary is available on `PATH`, pyenv uses `aria2c` instead of `curl` or `wget` to download the Python Source code. If you have an unstable internet connection, you can use this variable to instruct `aria2` to accelerate the download.<br>In most cases, you will only need to use `-x 10 -k 1M` as value to `PYTHON_BUILD_ARIA2_OPTS` environment variable
----
## Development
@ -597,9 +596,6 @@ Please feel free to submit pull requests and file bugs on the [issue
echo 'PATH="$(bash -ec '\''IFS=:; paths=($PATH); for i in ${!paths[@]}; do if [[ ${paths[i]} == "'\'"${PYENV_ROOT}/shims"\''" ]]; then unset '\'\\\'\''paths[i]'\'\\\'\''; fi; done; echo "${paths[*]}"'\'')"'
native-api
4 年前
GitHub